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The fight among the Papal Seat and the Bourbon Courts that characterised the reign of Clement XIII, arrived at its culmination in the year 1768 after the Pope condemned the Duke of Parma, Fernando of Bourbon, and its ministers. The response of France and Spain, which materialised substantially with the military reprisals of Avignon, Benevento and Pontecorvo, was accepted with a lot of resignation by the State Secretary of Naples, Bernardo Tanucci. The analysis of his confidential correspondence with the State Secretary of Spain, Jerónimo Grimaldi, and with the King Charles III, gives us a clear enough image of the Minister position as regards the events of that year, showing the isolation and the defeat of his political line. ; La lucha entre la Santa Sede y las Cortes Borbónicas que caracterizó el pontificado de Clemente XIII, llegó a su culminación en el año 1768 tras la condena papal del Duque de Parma, Fernando de Borbón, y sus ministros . La respuesta de Francia y España, que se materializó sustancialmente con las represalias militares de Aviñón, Benevento y Pontecorvo, fue asumida con mucha resignación por el Secretario de Estado de Nápoles, Bernardo Tanucci. El análisis de su correspondencia confidencial con el Secretario de Estado de España, Jerónimo Grimaldi, y con el Rey Carlos III, nos da una imagen bastante clara del planteamiento del Ministro sobre los acontecimientos de ese año, poniendo de relieve el aislamiento y la derrota de su línea política.

La lucha entre la Santa Sede y las Cortes Borbónicas que caracterizó el pontificado de Clemente XIII, llegó a su culminación en el año 1768 tras la condena papal del Duque de Parma, Fernando de Borbón, y sus ministros . La respuesta de Francia y España, que se materializó sustancialmente con las represalias militares de Aviñón, Benevento y Pontecorvo, fue asumida con mucha resignación por el Secretario de Estado de Nápoles, Bernardo Tanucci. El análisis de su correspondencia confidencial con el Secretario de Estado de España, Jerónimo Grimaldi, y con el Rey Carlos III, nos da una imagen bastante clara del planteamiento del Ministro sobre los acontecimientos de ese año, poniendo de relieve el aislamiento y la derrota de su línea política. ; The fight among the Papal Seat and the Bourbon Courts that characterised the reign of Clement XIII, arrived at its culmination in the year 1768 after the Pope condemned the Duke of Parma, Fernando of Bourbon, and its ministers. The response of France and Spain, which materialised substantially with the military reprisals of Avignon, Benevento and Pontecorvo, was accepted with a lot of resignation by the State Secretary of Naples, Bernardo Tanucci. The analysis of his confidential correspondence with the State Secretary of Spain, Jerónimo Grimaldi, and with the King Charles III, gives us a clear enough image of the Minister position as regards the events of that year, showing the isolation and the defeat of his political line.

Steam technology revolutionised maritime transport during the nineteenth century. Together with the establishment of the first regular lines, steamers soon led to the commencement of pleasure navigation. The aim of this article is to analyse the impact and scope of this process in Spain, by means of a study of the first experiences in the mid-nineteenth century. In addition to a brief introduction and final conclusions, the paper is structured around four sections. The first contains an appraisal of the situation of passenger transport. Some information is then provided regarding the first cruise in 1854. Next, the essay highlights some of the features of short excursions that were very well received by the public, especially in the island of Majorca. Finally, attention is given to a very special type of travel, the main attraction of which lay in the opportunity to witness an event of a military nature.